COP15 Day 2

To make sense of all the information coming out of the COP15 confence in Copenhagen, Flow will be running a series of daily blog entries to keep you up-to-date on the latest news from the largest climate change event in the world. Today is day two of the 12-day conference.

Certainly today’s most talked-about Copenhagen moment was US President Barack Obama’s announcement that greenhouse gases would now be considered a health hazard, giving the Environmental Protection Agency the power to to regulate industrial emissions. Given the difficulties of negotiating domestic GHG regulation (let alone on the global scale that the Copenhagen delegates are tackling), the fact that a single body in one of the world’s largest two emitters has the power to drastically affect industrial policy is a major coup. But while the US is certainly one of the most looked-at participants in the conference, it joins 191 other countries in the conference’s meetings.

Among others, today’s meeting topics include “China and the world: Solving climate change through practical, on-the-ground collaboration,” “Trade liberalisation and its role in technology diffusion: A look at the renewable energy, buildings” and “Developing Country Implementation Strategies and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)”. Every day of the confernece also includes a variety of side events, including an update from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on its renewable energy reports and a four-part series on low carbon scenarios in Denmark, France, Germany and the UK. Renault’s Zero Emission Transportation – Taking a Step Towards the Future in Copenhagen, will be taking place in parallel with the conference today, highlighting zero-emission vehicles.

COP15 Day 3

Laying it on thick

So, you’ve heard about oil sands in a documentary or on the news. You’ve heard, perhaps, in conversation or classroom debates, about its impact on the environment. Perhaps you even know some people who have packed their bags and headed to Alberta to get their own nugget of black gold and share in the wealth. But this Texas, er…Alberta tea doesn’t come up from the ground like a bubbling crude as Jed observed in the famous classic, Beverly Hillbillies.

Instead, it comes in the form of bitumen… gummy, gooey and thicker than molasses in January. To make matters worse, it’s mixed right in with the sand, presenting a grueling challenge for industry. How to separate such an unruly brew from the ground is for another story, but this is a tale about the origins of bitumen’s thick skin and how we toil to tame this intractable taffy of the turf.

Thicker than peanut butter, but not quite as tasty, Athabasca bitumen has a viscosity, or resistance to flow, of more than 500,000 centipoise (cP) at room temperature.

Now, with every story you have some sort of conflict, a rising action, a climax and a conclusion. The conflict here is bitumen’s high viscosity, and the implications it has on this resource’s means of production and impact on the environment.

That’s a heavy story man

A penetrating glimpse inside the molecular structure of bitumen reveals the cause behind its thickness. Are you ready for it? Bitumen is thick because… (insert drum roll)… it is heavy.

You may have heard the term “heavy oil” before, but few people know what this actually means. What makes heavy oil heavy? What makes oil sands heavier than conventional oil or methane?

Essentially, when we say a certain oil is heavy, what we’re really saying is that it is carbon heavy, meaning that type of oil has longer and more complex carbon chains than other types of oil. Light crude oil, such as conventional Alberta crude, contains many small, hydrogen-rich hydrocarbon molecules whereas heavy crude oil contains many large carbon-rich hydrocarbon molecules.

As you can see, the antagonist in this particular story is the carbon molecules.

So, in order to bring bitumen to a viscosity that refiners can actually work with, you have to upgrade the bitumen, which essentially means, getting rid of some of the carbon, resulting in a product that is less thick. In fact, when you consider the extra process bitumen has to go through in order to get rid of all that heavy carbon, you can see where the environmental conflict lies. Additional energy is required to separate bitumen from the sands and upgrade it. As well, heavy crude oil requires more refining to transform it into transportation fuels. And of course, more energy equals more greenhouse gas emissions if the energy being used to power the extraction, upgrading and refining processes is natural gas.

So the rising action in this story has everything to do with the rising demand for cheap energy around the world, the important role of oil sands in meeting that demand and the unrelenting challenge of reducing greenhouse gases. The plot starts to thicken as the bitumen thins because at each stage of carbon removal, the viscosity of the bitumen becomes less and less, making it easier to work with. But the overall energy used becomes more and more. It’s really annoying.

Technology is starting to change all that. Scientists are exploring ways to reduce the energy used in oil sands extraction and upgrading. One approach in the pipes is adding bacteria to bitumen deep underground, converting it into methane, which is easier and less energy intensive to extract. Another in-situ approach of extraction is Toe to Heel Air Injection (THAI) which involves injecting air into the ground, causing combustion. As the bitumen heats it becomes less viscous allowing it to flow towards the well. As it flows it leaves some of the heavy carbon behind in a process called “coking”. Coking usually happens above ground as part of the upgrading process but doing it underground results in a lighter product that can be transported through pipelines, is partially upgraded and results in fewer lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.

Of course, another approach is to use renewable energy to power any or all of these processes. The challenge here is that renewable energy is not as cheap and bountiful. But as society and governments evolve towards increased sustainability, that could soon change.

Although renewables are rapidly being embraced across the globe, it is important to recognize the degree to which we depend on oil, even as we make the transition to greener alternatives. Sure we can heat our homes with solar and earth energy, and derive electricity from nuclear, wind and hydro, but there remains a conundrum surrounding our cars. Solar, nuclear, wind and hydro-powered cars are still a long way off. Sure we have hybrids, but for the most part they still run on gasoline and electric cars have very limited ranges and low speeds. As well, a lot of electricity used to power them is coal or natural gas fired thermal electricity.

Now, every good story must have at least a few literary devices, and the most delicious of them is irony. We labour to make bitumen and the resulting crude products less viscous right from the extraction phase (especially with in-situ extracting techniques) through to the upgrading and then refining phase. The most premium petroleum products are the highly refined and less viscous transportation fuels such as jet fuel and gasoline. Ironically, lubricating oil, which is a highly refined product, needs to be more viscous so as not to ruin the engine. So after all this work to make it less viscous, additives are put in to make sure it retains its viscosity.

Because the oil sands and its continually evolving technologies are a work in progress, this story is too. There are yet so many variables that could affect the outcome, such as the direction of the economy, incentive to invest in research and development and carbon pricing laws. While the U.S. is introducing a tough stance on carbon emissions through its Green Energy and Security Act, Canada is waiting to see what happens before coming up with anything definitive.

But the rest of the world isn’t holding its breath. Already the wheels are in motion to come up with a global carbon pricing scheme in an effort to reduce world greenhouse gas emissions and to ensure an even playing field for renewable energy to compete in the global energy market. It may be safe to predict that the outcome of the upcoming conference of world leaders in Copenhagen this December could serve as a climax for this story.

Most importantly, however, is the conclusion and that rests in the hands of energy consumers as well. Mitigating climate change is a heavy topic and while many remain thick headed towards a potentially warming planet, many more are working towards a positive conclusion for the planet – one where energy, the economy, the environment and its inhabitants live happily ever after.

Carbon footprint of the internet is growing

When Google started, there weren’t enough computers around to bother worrying about their combined energy efficiency.

Over time, computer and Internet use has exploded in ways they never imagined. In addition to probably rubbing their hands with glee, Google also started devoting resources to thinking about how much energy they were wasting.

Every search and every page you load requires energy, releasing 20 milligrams of CO2 per second. While it may not be included in your energy bill, it comes from somewhere. Giant data centres – warehouses of servers storing every Internet file – require lots of energy.

The Internet has an enormous carbon footprint, and it’s only getting bigger. Certain environmental groups claim the IT industry has an even bigger carbon footprint than the aviation industry. It happened so quickly that many Internet firms had a hard time catching up.

Luckily, some were prepared. Google’s headquarters makes use of 9,200 solar panels, and their new Toronto office is Bullfrog-powered. It’s also constructed almost entirely from recycled materials, from old tires for their floors, to pop cans recycled into work stations.

Google’s data centres were already upgraded to be energy-efficient about six years ago; way ahead of the curve. The company is now looking at enhanced geothermal energy as an equally green – but possibly more reliable – energy source.

In Kelowna, the biggest green data center in Canada has recently been completed, and runs on hydroelectricity. RackForce Networks Inc says that it has only 2% of the carbon footprint a typical data centre does.

In time, renewable energy sources may prove the most important “Google search” ever.

Biofuels caravan rolling along

Federal funds continue to flow to an array of biofuel projects across the country, mainly from Natural Resources Canada’s ecoENERGY program in a determined bid to encourage production of renewable alternatives to gasoline and diesel. Compared with gasoline, grain-based ethanol can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 40 per cent on a life-cycle basis and the difference can be as much as 60 per cent for biodiesel.

Ottawa has committed $1.5 billion over nine years for development of the renewable fuels industry in Canada.  The most recent recipient of ecoENERGY support is Husky Energy, which will receive up to $72.8 million for its ethanol plant in Minnedosa, Manitoba. Other announcements this year include up to $23.2 million for Permolex Ltd. of Red Deer, Alberta, up to $19.9 million for Western Biodiesel in High River, Alberta, and up to $72.4 million for Biox Canada in Hamilton, Ontario.

However, the main ecoENERGY beneficiary is GreenField Ethanol, Canada’s main producer of ethanol. It has federal commitments of up to $212.3 million for facilities in Ontario, including up to $117.5 million in Johnstown, up to $72.8 million in Chatham, and up to $14 million in Tiverton. The Johnstown project also is receiving $7.3 million in repayable funding from ecoAgriculture Biofuels Capital, a $200-million program run by Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada.

Sustainable Development Technology Canada (SDTC) is also involved in encouraging ethanol production through its NextGen Biofuels Fund. An SDTC grant of up to $1.82 million to Lignol Energy Corp. of Burnaby, B.C., will support development of an industrial-scale plant for production of cellulosic ethanol and other renewables.

On-demand ocean hydropower

If solar or wind energy don’t float your boat, maybe generating power from waves will be more up your oceanic alley.

In an effort to create even more predictability from the ocean, Dartmouth Wave Energy, a British company has developed an energy converter called the Searaser, which is making waves. Literally.

The machine attaches to the ocean floor by a movable tether, which allows it to float up and down. Pumping is made possible by the motion of waves lifting the device as it rises and falls. This water is either pumped to shore to drive a turbine at sea level (the on-demand ocean hydropower part), or up a hill where it could be held in a reservoir and used as needed to drive a hydroelectric turbine.

So far the prototype has successfully pumped water up a 160 foot hill and the company expects a full-sized version to be able to pump water up a 650 foot hill and have the capacity to generate 0.25 MW per device. 

Looks like you would need  to corral a school of searasers to make this idea float.

Kinetic road plates

CHARGE! 

It’s every woman’s dream come true: saving the planet while you shop. 

And the best part is you won’t even need to open your wallet. In fact, you won’t even need to go into the store: renewable energy is now as close as the parking lot. 

Okay…so it’s not Tiffany’s, but Sainsbury’s, a British supermarket chain, is the first in Europe to install “kinetic road plates,” a clever invention which will power the store’s cash registers just by having vehicles drive over them.  

The plates look a lot like speed bumps (more like ‘green bumps’). The kinetic plates give under the weight of the vehicles, causing it to rock slightly and send a message to a generator to power up. 

Though all that rocking may make it seem like you are on a Disney ride instead of at the Supermarket, the inventors claim that the driver won’t even feel the difference. The generators then create energy which is captured, redirected back to the store and used to power the checkouts and the store’s other needs.

The kinetic road plates are just one of the planet-saving measures which the chain is employing: the store’s solar panels will heat up 100% of the hot water during summer months; rainwater will be used to flush all of their toilets and the lights will be on automatic dimmer switches so on bright, sunny days, less electricity will be used.

Sustainable shopping: making the planet, its women…and their husbands…happy.

Green energy gets a whole lotta green

The grass is definitely greener on the other side. Unfortunately, it’s also a lot more expensive, at least when it comes to funding green energy.

Stanford University is spending $100 million to build a new energy institute. Surprisingly, $90 million of it alone came from two families. The institute’s main goal—just like the government’s—is to make renewable energy cheaper than fossil fuels: the Holy Grail of Sustainable Energy.

Currently, the United States imports 70 percent of the oil it consumes and the energy is coming from insecure, unreliable sources. So governments and private citizens alike are collaborating to find a more self-reliant solution.

Not wanting to be left behind, in Canada the Green Energy Action Fund coalition was created, with an aim to help align the country’s energy and job-creation policies with those of the United States.

Representing more than 850,000 Canadians, the coalition is led by a group called PowerUP Canada in an effort to get the federal and provincial governments to create a $41 billion “green” stimulus package.

This is an impressive sum, considering that the green stimulus package in the U.S. is only $10 billion more, and they have 10 times the population. Even more inspiring: four former prime ministers are also on board.

So what’s the plan?

Among other things, the coalition intends to create CDN $18.6 billion in low-interest loans to help renewable energy developers and create jobs. The money will also encourage energy retrofits of buildings, support green infrastructure projects and boost investment in clean technology manufacturing.

Money makes the world go round. And greenbacks are helping turn both countries…well, greener.

Less sunny future for solar energy industry

The United States saw a jump in the use of solar energy by about 9 percent in 2008, but will those numbers continue to rise as the recession hits hard or will this economy be a “pane” for solar energy?

In the past two years, solar panel capacity rose an impressive 78% and solar heater installations increased about 50 percent in the United States, but reports indicate that the first quarter of 2009 has hit the solar industry hard. Sales have slumped and solar companies are feeling the pinch.  

Enter the U.S. government, which is trying to guarantee loans for solar and other renewable energy projects. President Obama has pledged to double renewable energy production in three years. But more than tax credits and laws are needed in the United States.

Solar Energy Industries Association President Rhone Resch says that electricity providers also need to be legislated to generate a certain percentage of renewable energy. 

In Canada, the government is also making solar workforce development a priority. Solar energy seems to be boosting the economy by providing jobs and it is estimated that the industry’s labour force will increase by more than 100% over the next three years. 

The government is working with the Association of Canadian Community Colleges on developing a national curriculum for designers and installers of solar energy systems as well as the Electricity Sector Council and the Canadian Solar Industries Association.

Governments must take action in order for solar to successfully shine through this economic slump.

The power of speech…literally!

Always forgetting to charge your cell phone or constantly losing your charger? A phone that charges just by using it may be calling your name. New technology to turn cell phones into self-charging devices using piezoelectric generators has got tongues wagging.

Piezo…wha? 

Piezoelectrics have been around since the late 1880s. Piezoelectric phones convert kinetic movement into electrical energy. First used in WW1 sonar devices, today they are most often found in quartz watches and microphones.

In the 80s, Seiko developed a Kinetic watch, which has made Kinetic synonymous with environmental friendliness. But now, the piezoelectrics are going nano. So more energy in a smaller space means that soon everything from ipods to laptops to backpacks could become self-charging.

Backpacks? That’s right. Straps made of piezoelectric fabric can convert the friction on your shoulders to electric energy.

A professor at the University of Houston has discovered that a specific type of piezoelectric material can convert energy at a 100 percent increase when manufactured at a very small size. Even more interesting, when materials are constructed bigger or smaller than this specific size their energy-converting capacity is not as effective.

And while that’s good for the environment, nanomanufacturing has received some criticism in the past for its dirty production methods, leaving some dialing up the pros and cons of the viability of this technology.

Essentially, the more you talk, the more energy is generated. Your mother-in-law is going to love it.

Words have power. Literally.

Google versus evil

There are few companies as devoted to the sustainable energy revolution as Google. We’ve talked about some of the tech giant’s green initiatives in this space before, but RE<C deserves special mention.

RE<C is perhaps the most ambitious of Google’s various projects, both in scope and timescale. In short, RE<C aims to develop electricity from renewable sources – cheaper than electricity produced from coal with a goal of producing one gigawatt of renewable energy capacity.

A gigawatt can power a city the size of San Francisco. Okay, you say – that’s an admirable goal, and maybe our grandchildren zipping around in Jetsonesque aircars will enjoy it. Perhaps they will – but so will we.

Google aims to accomplish this in years, not decades.

Initially, RE<C will focus on what’s possible today. Advanced solar thermal power, wind power technologies, and enhanced geothermal systems – all available and in use currently. However, Google wouldn’t be Google if they weren’t keeping an eager eye to the future.

RE<C is an opportunity to explore other potential breakthrough technologies, too. The company has created a renewable energy R&D group within Google’s engineering ranks. There’s an open invitation for talented engineers, technologists, energy experts and others to join.

Where will this lead? During the second world war, the government placed leading scientists in seclusion and had them work around the clock on a top-priority project. The due date was always “yesterday.” Perhaps you’ve heard of it? Needless to say, the Manhattan Project was a success.

Whatever you think of the actual goal achieved, it worked. Hopefully, Google’s RE<C project meets equal success.

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